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28 [C] 포인터_주소 사용법

Pointers and Addresses

 

A pointer is a variable that contains the address of a variable. Pointers are

much used in C, partly because they are sometimes the only way to express a

computation, and partly because they usually lead to more compact and efficient

code than can be obtained in other ways. Pointers and arrays are closely

related.

Let us begin with a simplified picture of how memory is organized. A typical machine has an array of consecutively numbered or addressed memory cells that may be manipulated individually or in contiguous groups. One common situation is that any byte can be a char, a pair of one-byte cells can be treated as a short integer, and four adjacent bytes form a long. A pointer is a group of cells (often two or four) that can hold an address. So if c is a char and p is a pointer that points to it, we could represent the situation this way:

 

The unary operator & gives the address of an object, so the statement

 

p = &c;

 

assigns the address of c to the variable p, and p is said to “point to” c. The & operator only applies to objects in memory: variables and array elements. It cannot be applied to expressions, constants, or register variables.

 

The unary operator * is the indirection or dereferencing operator; when applied to a pointer, it accesses the object the pointer points to. Suppose that x and y are integers and ip is a pointer to int. This artificial sequence shows how to declare a pointer and how to use & and *:

 

int x = 1, y = 2, z[10];

int *ip;              /* ip is a pointer to int */

 

ip = &x;               /* ip now points to x */

y = *ip;              /* y is now 1 */

*ip = 0;              /* x is now 0 */

ip = &z[0];           /* ip now points to z[0] */

 

The declarations of x, y, and z are what we’ve seen all along. The declaration of the pointer ip,

 

int *ip;

 

is intended as a mnemonic; it says that the expression *ip is an int. The syntax of the declaration for a variable mimics the syntax of expressions in which the variable might appear. This reasoning applies to function declarations as well. For example,

 

double *dp, atof(char *);

 

says that in an expression *dp and atof ( s ) have values of type double, and that the argument of atof is a pointer to char.

 

You should also note the implication that a pointer is constrained to point to a particular kind of object: every pointer points to a specific data type. (There is one exception: a “pointer to void” is used to hold any type of pointer but cannot be dereferenced itself.)

 

If ip points to the integer x, then *ip can occur in any context where x could, so

 

*ip = *ip + 10;

 

increments *ip by 10.

 

The unary operators * and & bind more tightly than arithmetic operators, so the assignment

 

y = *ip + 1

 

takes whatever ip points at, adds 1, and assigns the result to y, while

 

*ip += 1

 

increments what ip points to, as do

 

++*ip

 

and

 

(*ip)++

 

The parentheses are necessary in this last example; without them, the expression would increment ip instead of what it points to, because unary operators like * and ++ associate right to left.

 

Finally, since pointers are variables, they can be used without dereferencing. For example, if iq is another pointer to int,

 

iq = ip

 

copies the contents of ip into iq, thus making iq point to whatever ip pointed to.

 

[The C Programming Language p.94-95]

 

[참고 자료]

#include <stdio.h>

void main()
{
    int x[] = { 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 30 };
	int n = 6;
	int i, *ip;

	ip = x;
	for (i = 0;i<n;i++)		// controlling the for-loop 
		printf("%d\n", *(ip + i));	// with a loop index

	for (ip = x;ip<x + n;ip++)	// controlling the for-loop
		printf("%d\n", *ip);	// with the pointer

	ip = x + 3;				//	ip points at 10
	printf("%d\n", *ip++);  // prints x[3], moves ip to x[4]
	printf("%d\n", *ip);

	ip = x + 3;
	printf("%d\n", *++ip);  // increments ip first to point at x[4], prints x[4]
	printf("%d\n", *ip);	// prints x[4] again

	ip = x + 3;
	printf("%d\n", (*ip)++); // prints *ip (x[3]), then increments *ip to be 11
	printf("%d\n", *ip);	// prints *ip (x[3]) which is now 11 

	ip = x + 3;
	printf("%d\n", *(ip++)); // prints *ip (now 11) then increments ip to x[4]
	printf("%d\n", *ip);     // prints x[4]

	ip = x + 1;				// ip points at x[1] = 3
	printf("%d\n", *ip);	// prints x[1]
	printf("%d\n", ++*ip);	// increments *ip (x[1]) to 4 then prints *ip (x[1], now 4)
	printf("%d\n", *ip);	// prints x[1] (now 4)
	scanf_s("%d", &i);
}

https://www.nku.edu/~foxr/CSC362/CODE/pointer-to-array.c

 

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